USS Pennsylvania (BB-38) in World War II

Commissioned in 1916, USS Pennsylvania (BB-38) proved to be a workhorse for the US Navys surface fleet for over thirty years.  Taking part in World War I (1917-1918), the battleship later survived the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and saw extensive service across the Pacific during World War II (1941-1945).  With the end of the war, Pennsylvania provided a final service as a target ship during the 1946 Operation Crossroads atomic testing. A New Design Approach After designing and constructing five classes of dreadnought battleships, the US Navy concluded that future ships should make use of a set of standardized tactical and operational traits. This would allow these vessels to operate together in combat and would simplify logistics. Designated the Standard-type, the next five classes were propelled by  oil-fired boilers rather than coal, saw the removal of amidships turrets, and utilized an â€Å"all or nothing† armor scheme.   Among these alterations, the transition to oil was made with the goal of increasing the vessel’s range as the US Navy believed this would be critical in any future naval war with Japan. The new all or nothing armor arrangement called for critical areas of the vessel, such as magazines and engineering, to be heavily armored while less important spaces were left unprotected. Also, Standard-type battleships were to be capable of a  minimum top speed of 21 knots and have a tactical turn radius of 700 yards.   Construction Incorporating these design characteristics, USS Pennsylvania (BB-28) was laid down at the Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company on October 27, 1913. The lead ship of its class, its design came about following the US Navys General Board ordering a new class of battleships in 1913 which mounted twelve 14 guns, twenty-two 5 guns, and an armor scheme similar to the earlier Nevada-class. The Pennsylvania-class main guns were to be mounted in four triple turrets while propulsion was to be provided by steam-driven geared turbines turning four propellers. Increasingly concerned about improvements in torpedo technology, the US Navy directed that the new ships utilize a four-layer system of armor. This employed multiple layers of thin plate, separated by air or oil, outboard of the main armor belt. The goal of this system was to dissipate the explosive force of a torpedo before it reached the ships primary armor. World War I Launched on March 16, 1915, with Miss Elizabeth Kolb as its sponsor, Pennsylvania was commissioned the following year on June 16. Joining the US Atlantic Fleet, with Captain Henry B. Wilson in command, the new battleship became the commands flagship that October when Admiral Henry T. Mayo transferred his flag on board. Operating off the East Coast and in the Caribbean for the remainder of the year, Pennsylvania returned to Yorktown, VA in April 1917 just as the United States entered World War I. As the US Navy began deploying forces to Britain, Pennsylvania remained in American waters as it used fuel oil rather than coal-like many of the Royal Navys vessels. Since tankers could not be spared to transport fuel abroad, Pennsylvania and the US Navys other oil-fired battleships conducted operations off the East Coast for the duration of the conflict. In December 1918, with the war ended, Pennsylvania escorted President Woodrow Wilson, aboard SS George Washington, to France for the Paris Peace Conference. USS Pennsylvania (BB-38) Overview Nation: United StatesType: BattleshipShipyard: Newport News Shipbuilding Drydock CompanyLaid Down: October 27, 1913Launched: March 16, 1915Commissioned: June 12, 1916Fate: Scuttled February 10, 1948 Specifications (1941) Displacement: 31,400 tonsLength: 608 ft.Beam: 97.1 ft.Draft: 28.9 ft.Propulsion: 4 propellers driven by 1 Ãâ€" Bureau Express and 5 Ãâ€" White-Forster boilersSpeed: 21 knotsRange: 10,688 miles at 15 knotsComplement: 1,358 men Armament Guns 12 Ãâ€" 14 in. (360 mm)/45 cal guns (4 triple turrets)14 Ãâ€" 5 in./51 cal. guns12 Ãâ€" 5 in./25 cal. anti-aircraft guns Aircraft 2 x aircraft Interwar Years The remaining flagship of the US Atlantic Fleet, Pennsylvania operating in home waters in early 1919 and that July met the returning George Washington and escorted it into New York. The next two years saw the battleship conduct routine peacetime training until receiving orders to join the US Pacific Fleet in August 1922. For the next seven years, Pennsylvania operated on the West Coast and participated in training around Hawaii and the Panama Canal. The routine of this period was punctuated in 1925 when the battleship conducted a goodwill tour to New Zealand and Australia. In early 1929, after training exercises off Panama and Cuba, Pennsylvania sailed north and entered the Philadelphia Navy Yard for an extensive modernization program. Remaining at Philadelphia for almost two years, the ships secondary armament was modified and its cage masts replaced by new tripod masts. After conducting refresher training off Cuba in May 1931, ​Pennsylvania returned to the Pacific Fleet. In the Pacific For the next decade, Pennsylvania remained a stalwart of the Pacific Fleet and took part in annual exercises and routine training. Overhauled at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard in late 1940, it sailed for Pearl Harbor on January 7, 1941. Later that year, Pennsylvania was one of fourteen ships to receive the new CXAM-1 radar system. In the fall of 1941, the battleship was dry-docked at Pearl Harbor. Though scheduled to leave on December 6, Pennsylvanias departure was delayed. As a result, the battleship remained in dry dock when the Japanese attacked the next day. One of the first ships to respond with anti-aircraft fire, Pennsylvania took minor damage during the attack despite repeated Japanese attempts to destroy the dry docks caisson. Positioned forward of the battleship in the drydock, the destroyers USS Cassin and USS Downes were both severely damaged. World War II Begins In the wake of the attack, Pennsylvania departed Pearl Harbor on December 20 and sailed for San Francisco. Arriving, it underwent repairs before joining a squadron led by Vice Admiral William S. Pye which operated off the West Coast to prevent a Japanese strike. Following the victories at Coral Sea and Midway, this force was disbanded and Pennsylvania briefly returned to Hawaiian waters. In October, with the situation in the Pacific stabilized, the battleship received orders to sail for Mare Island Naval Shipyard and a major overhaul. While at Mare Island, Pennsylvanias tripod masts were removed and its anti-aircraft armament enhanced with the installation of ten Bofors 40 mm quad mounts and fifty-one Oerlikon 20 mm single mounts. In addition, the existing 5 guns were replaced with new rapid-fire 5 guns in eight twin mounts. Work on Pennsylvania was completed in February 1943 and following refresher training, the ship departed for service in the Aleutian Campaign in late April. In the Aleutians Reaching Cold Bay, AK on April 30, Pennsylvania joined Allied forces for the liberation of Attu. Bombarding enemy shore positions on May 11-12, the battleship supported Allied forces as they went ashore. Later on May 12, Pennsylvania evaded a torpedo attack and its escorting destroyers succeeded in sinking the perpetrator, the submarine I-31, the next day. Aiding in operations around the island for the remainder of the month, Pennsylvania then retired to Adak. Sailing in August, the battleship served as Rear Admiral Francis Rockwells flagship during the campaign against Kiska. With the successful recapture of the island, the battleship became the flagship of Rear Admiral Richmond K. Turner, Commander Fifth Amphibious Force, that fall. Sailing in November, Turner re-captured Makin Atoll later that month. Island Hopping On January 31, 1944, Pennsylvania took part in the bombardment prior to the invasion of Kwajalein. Remaining on station, the battleship continued to provide fire support once the landings began the next day. In February, Pennsylvania fulfilled a similar role during the invasion of Eniwetok. After conducting training exercises and a voyage to Australia, the battleship joined Allied forces for the Marianas Campaign in June. On June 14, Pennsylvanias guns pounded enemy positions on Saipan in preparation for landings the next day. Remaining in the area, the vessel struck targets on Tinian and Guam as well as provided direct fire support to troops ashore on Saipan. The following month, Pennsylvania aided in the liberation of Guam. With the end of operations in the Marianas, it joined the Palau Bombardment and Fire Support Group for the invasion of Peleliu in September. Remaining off the beach, Pennsylvanias main battery pummeled Japanese positions and greatly aided Allied forces ashore. Surigao Strait Following repairs in the Admiralty Islands in early October, Pennsylvania sailed as part of Rear Admiral Jesse B. Oldendorfs Bombardment and Fire Support Group which in turn was part of Vice Admiral Thomas C. Kinkaids Central Philippine Attack Force. Moving against Leyte, Pennsylvania reached its fire support station on October 18 and began covering General Douglas MacArthurs troops as they went ashore two days later. With the Battle of Leyte Gulf underway, Oldendorfs battleships moved south on October 24 and blocked the mouth of the Surigao Strait. Attacked by Japanese forces that night, his vessels sank the battleships Yamashiro and Fuso. In the course of the fighting, Pennsylvanias guns remained quiet as its older fire control radar could not distinguish the enemy vessels in the confined waters of the strait. Retiring to the Admiralty Islands in November, Pennsylvania returned to action in January 1945 as part of Oldendorfs Lingayen Bombardment and Fire Support Group. Philippines Driving off air attacks on January 4-5, 1945, Oldendorfs ships began striking targets around the mouth of Lingayen Gulf, Luzon the next day. Entering the gulf on the afternoon of January 6, Pennsylvania commenced reducing Japanese defenses in the area. As in the past, it continued to offer direct fire support once Allied troops began landing on January 9. Commencing a patrol of the South China Sea a day later, Pennsylvania returned after a week and remained in the gulf until February. Withdrawn on February 22, it steamed for San Francisco and an overhaul. While at the Hunters Point Shipyard, Pennsylvanias main guns received new barrels, the anti-aircraft defenses were enhanced, and new fire control radar was installed. Departing on July 12, the ship sailed for newly captured Okinawa with stops at Pearl Harbor and to bombard Wake Island. Okinawa Reaching Okinawa in early August, Pennsylvania anchored in Buckner Bay near USS Tennessee (BB-43). On August 12, a Japanese torpedo plane penetrated the Allied defenses and stuck the battleship in the stern. The torpedo strike opened a thirty-foot hole in Pennsylvania and badly damaged its propellers. Towed to Guam, the battleship was dry docked and received temporary repairs. Leaving in October, it transited the Pacific en route to Puget Sound. While at sea, the Number 3 propeller shaft broke necessitating divers to cut it and the propeller away. As a result, Pennsylvania limped into Puget Sound on October 24 with only one operable propeller. Final Days As World War II had ended, the US Navy did not intend to retain Pennsylvania. As a result, the battleship received only those repairs necessary for transit to the Marshall Islands. Taken to Bikini Atoll, the battleship was used as a target vessel during the Operation Crossroads atomic tests in July 1946. Surviving both blasts, Pennsylvania was towed to Kwajalein Lagoon where it was decommissioned on August 29. The ship remained in the lagoon until early 1948 where it was used for structural and radiological studies. On February 10, 1948, Pennsylvania was taken from the lagoon and sunk at sea.

Religion Has A Major Influence On Human Values Essay

Religion has long played a great importance in countless lives throughout the ages. Yet, some believe it to be one of a meaningless value. It is true that countless wars have been fought in the name of some higher being and great atrocities committed and not expected, but one cannot deny that religion has a major influence on human values learned throughout the ages. So what happens when you come to the terms that life is meaningless or simply nothing? This is what the old waiter believes in â€Å"A Clean, Well-lighted Place.† He recites a prayer at the end of the story, replacing most of the words with â€Å"nada† the Spanish word for nothing. The nada prayer of â€Å"nothing† ties into the over-arching idea of the story of nothingness and loneliness in daily life, along with the despair that must be endured. The old-man embodies the nothingness that surrounds human life. The old deaf man is a lonely drinker that sits in the shadow that casted itself into the cafà ©. He is the only one left in the cafà © as he â€Å"liked to sit late because at night it was quiet and he felt the difference.† (559 Hemingway) The old man comes here to escape his loneliness, even though the place is practically empty. When the waiters began to talk about him, some important information is disclosed. He tried to â€Å"commit suicide† because â€Å"he was in despair,† he has a â€Å"niece† and owns â€Å"plenty of money.† (559 Hemingway) This paints the old man as being in a state of despair and loneliness, even though he has the moneyShow MoreRelatedEnvironmental Degradation Of The Environment940 Words   |  4 Pagesenvironmental degradation that people hypothesize, which is our values. These people believe that major values influence population growth and technological development. The argument is that values are more important, and influence population growth and technological development. 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Destruction and Construction Materials Research †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Destruction and Construction Materials Research. Answer: Introduction: There is about 91% of the waste materials that has been derived directly from the different sectors of CD wherein a small amount is descend from the industrial, municipal as well as commercial sectors management that can be derived from figure 2.1 and 2.2. The main source of the CD materials that includes asphalt, bricks rubble that are concrete in nature, excavation store as well as the rock are the different sectors of CD that helps in providing large volumes of CD related materials that are the ones which is homogenous in nature. The actual record of the materials of the CD were 6.56 million tonnes in the year 2008-2009 in Victoria wherein there was an increase of 4% (Proper sustainability in the year 2009) from the last year. The figure 2.3 helps in showing that the solid waste was being disposed in the landfills of Victoria that has been decreased to 3.74 million tonnes that was even down to 7% from the last year. According to the proper sustainability in Victoria in the year 2009, the total recovery of the waste materials in the year 2008-2009 has been increased to 4% or 108000 tonnes that has been compared with the previous year as well. The figure 2.4 as well as 2.5 helps in showing that the waste materials that was major in nature has been recycled crushed in a concrete manner and the rate of recovery rate remained steady with minimal increase of 1%. Furthermore, concrete is the main portion of CD collection that represented that the 56% of the total weight helped in following the excavation or rock stone, asphalt as well as brick rubble at 22%, 5% and 10% respectively. On the other hand figure 2.5 helps in indicating the strong growth has been properly observed in proper terms of the recovery of the materials of CD during the previous decade. Waste Resources in New South Wales A proper guideline was used for the reuse of the materials of CD in the pavement of the roads that has been developed by the Roads as well as Traffic authority, 1988 as well as Resource of NSW. Furthermore, the resource of NSW and RTA has been properly developed specification of the unbound base as well as subbase resources for the works for the road pavement. Proper strategy has been made available for the recycled resources supply for drainage as well as road by Resource NSW, 2003. The classification of the materials as well as limits those are acceptable in nature for different applications have been illustrated in 2.7 and 2.8 table respectively. The proper guideline has been created for the natural materials and the limit that has been set for the different kinds of the foreign resources for recycled materials building according to the traffic category that has been shown in table 2.9. There are different infrastructures of utility that includes sewers; gas pipelines as well as water are properly located underneath the road pavements. It is important to dig big trenches in order to properly repair as well as reinstall the pipelines that are new in nature and these needs to be subsequently backfilled with pipelines. This is most convenient as well as cost effective technique for pipeline installation. In the pipeline installation, proper backfilling is required with good material quality and this will ensure service life as well. The method of backfilling method involves disposing of materials that are excavated and import of high class granular resources. On the other hand, this is not cost effective method in terms of purchasing as well as cost of importing new resources that includes implications of environment using the virgin materials. Viability and Sustainability of Recycling The researchers have investigated reuse of materials that are recycled for different purposes of civil engineering applications. There are different barriers that prevent huge usage on recognition of materials of CD in specifications and the requirement of research to demonstrate suitability of materials recycled that have environmental management, economic as well as social benefits. The Victoria Sustainability 2009 state that recycling business is contributing to environment by reducing emission of green house gases as well as delivering strategy of energy along with preserving virgin resources that are non renewable in nature. It also helps in mentioning that analysis of life cycle modeling Victoria saved 82 million giga-joules energy in the year 2007-08 by proper substitution of virgin resources with materials recycled. Furthermore, process of recycling in Victoria has prevented 4 million tonnes of the green house gases that is equal to removing 676,000 cars from road. In the yea r 2007-08recycling business of Victoria added $85 million to the economy of state. The Resources and waste action program in the year 2006 found current industry of recycling saves 10-15 million tonnes of carbon dioxide that is equal to 10% of annual emissions of carbon dioxide in the transport department. Furthermore, recycling is the best strategy in offering more environmental merits and lower impact on environment as well. Proper sustainability in Victoria helps in indicating that reprocessing strategies of Victoria employed 1600 individuals associated with recycling of materials usage that are secondary in nature. There is 19% increase from the preceding year and the National Recycling Coalition of U.S 2007 reports about 70 million tonnes of resources that are diverted by recycling along with compositing away the landfills as well as incinerators.

Statistical Concepts Are Used In Various Aspects On Industry. The Foll

Statistical concepts are used in various aspects on industry. The following highlights the use of statistics in these industries: Accounting/Auditing, Insurance, and Medical (Pharmaceutical). In the accounting/auditing field, it is imperative that the auditor makes an effort to determine that financial statements are stated accurately and free of material error (appear to be stated accurately). To accomplish this task, auditors utilize test methods that include statistical sampling of accounting transactions -- payroll, accounts payable, accounts receivable, journal entries, etc.. This statistical approach is used for validating (determining the accuracy) financial statements through limited test work. This limited test work is based on the statistical approach of how a population reacts -- ie, a small sample of the population is generally representative of the entire population. The use of statistics provides the auditor with a tool that provides comfort in the amount of test work required to achieve ?adequate" scope coverage to meet a representative sample of the financial scope. This use of statistics provides an auditor with a lower cost approach to substantiate accuracy -- this is important to both the auditing firm and the industry being audited. Another industry that utilizes statistics on a daily basis is the insurance industry. In fact, this industry relies on statistics to help forecast its bottom line results. The typical insurance company uses statistics to determine approval rates for clients, while providing coverage (life, medical, dental, etc.) and turning a profit. For example, an insurance company might use statistical concepts to determine the trend of a population. This statistical approach might be used to determine the likelihood of a population incurring extreme medical needs, birth rates, or surgery. The results of this approach help the insurance company project the probability of incurring medical, dental, and/or life claims and therefore, enables the company to establish premium rates that delivery profitable results. The medical/pharmaceutical industry is another major industry segment that utilizes statistical concepts on a daily basis. Statistical concepts are used to determine the appropriateness of distributing new drugs (ie, determine the likelihood of drug interactions). This is an example of how statistics truly have a very favorable or detrimental impact on daily life. Again, population trending is used to determine whether or not a drug should be released to the general public (based on the results of a small sample size) for consumption. As indicated, statistical concepts play a key role in various industries. These concepts determine not only how we work but also how we live.